Qunun            

        The Qanun May Be A String Instrument Found Within The Tenth Century In Farab, Otrar In Khazakistan. The Name Derives From The Arabic Word "Kānun," Which Implies Rule, Norm, Principle. Its Ancient Music Relies On Maqamat. It's Basically A Cither With A Slim Quadrangle Cavity Resonator. Nylon Or PVC Strings Square Measure Stretched Over One Bridge Poised On Fish-Skins On One Finish, Hooked Up To Standardisation Pegs At The Opposite Finish. The Kanun, Particularly In Ancient Greek Times Was Called The Stringed Instrument. Kanuns Utilized In Turkey Have Twenty Six Courses Of Strings, With 3 Strings Per Course. It's Contend On The Lap By Plucking The Strings With 2 Tortoise-Shell Picks, One In Every Hand, Or By The Fingernails, And Contains A Vary Of 3 And A 0.5 Octaves, From A2 To E6. The Scale Of Turkish Kanuns Square Measure Usually Ninety Five To One Hundred Cm (37-39") Long, Thirty Eight To Forty Cm (15-16") Wide And Four To Six Cm (1.5-2.3") High.[2] The Instrument Additionally Has Special Latches For Every Course, Referred To As Mandals. These Tiny Levers, Which May Be Raised Or Lowered Quickly By The Performing Artist Whereas The Instrument Is Being Contend, Serve To Vary The Pitch Of A Selected Course Slightly By Fixing The String Lengths.

          While Armenian Kanuns Use Half-Tones And Arabic Kanuns Quarter-Tones, Typical Turkish Kanuns Divide The Equal-Tempered Half Step Of A Hundred Cents Into Six Equal Elements, Yielding Seventy Two Equal Divisions (Or Commas) Of The Octave. Not All Pitches Of 72-Tone Temperament Area Unit Out There On The Turkish Kanun, However, Since Kanun Manufacturers Solely Affix Mandals For Intervals That Area Unit Demanded By Performers. Some Kanun Manufacturers Like Better To Divide The Half Step Of The Lower Registers Into Seven Elements Instead For Microtonal Subtlety At The Expense Of Octave Equivalences. Many Mandal Configurations Area Unit At The Player's Disposal Once Functioning On A Normal Turkish Kanun.

         The Kanun May Be A Descendant Of The Previous Egyptian Harp, And Is Expounded To The Traditional Greek Stringed Instrument, Dulcimer And Cither. Among Others, Ruhi Ayangil (*1953), Erol Deran (*1937), Halil Karaduman (*1959), Göksel Baktagir (*1966), Tahir Aydoğdu (*1959), Julien Jalâl Ed-Dine Weiss (*1953), And Begoña Olavide Area Unit Contemporary Exponents Of This Instrument.

           A 79-Tone Standardization For The Kanun Was Recently Planned And Applied To A Turkish Kanun By Ozan Yarman And Has Been Acclaimed By Turkish Masters Of The Instrument.

         Mandals Were Unreal Throughout The Primary 1/2 The Twentieth Century. The Kanun, Before That Point, Remained Rather Inflexible Within The Case Of Modulations. However, The 24- Or 72-Note Standardization Of Common Arab And Turkish Models Doesn't Specifically Reproduce The Standard Interval Ratios Of Maqam Scales. Common Kanun Models Could Dissent To Associate Degree Loud Extent From A Justly Tuned Tanbur Or Associate Degree Specifically Intonating Oud, Ney, Or Kemenche. Temperament Has Very Little In Common With The Theoretical Tradition Of The Center East That It Will Solely Provide Approximated Intervals. In Turkey And Also The Arab World It Likely Originates In Westernizing Tendencies. The French Qānūn Virtuoso Julien Jalâl Ed-Dine Weiss (* 1953), Important Of This Deficiency, Planned Variety Of Prototypes That, For The Primary Time, Square Measure Entirely Supported Pure Mathematician And Harmonic Intervals. Since 1990, 9 Of Such Instruments Are Designed. Their String Courses Square Measure Tuned Upon A Strict Mathematician Heptatonic Scale, Whose Steps Square Measure Composed Solely Of Justly Tuned Limmas 256/243 And Major Whole-Tones 9/8. Fifteen Completely Different Mandal Positions (0-14) Square Measure Contained In Doubly The Mathematician Apotome 2187/2048 (113.69 Cents) On Each Course. The Strictly Ordered Quality Of This Rational Standardization System Additionally Forms The Premise For The Intonation Follow Of Weiss Al-Kindi Ensemble. The 2 Most Up-To-Date Instruments Contain A Further Octave Within The Bass Register, Extending Their Vary To Thirty Three String Courses Or Four Octaves And A Fifth. In Combining Theoretical And Physical Science Motivations Along With His Sensible Expertise, Weiss Was, Thus, Enabled To Perform At The Side Of Musicians In Many Various Native Contexts Throughout The Middle-East.